Moved here from notes/reasoning/atonement.md in the tier migration. The per-question reasoning now lives on each doctrine’s reasoning page: T06.1 · T06.2 · S20.1 · S20.2.

Atonement: reasoning steps

Verdicts: categories/atonement.md. Weighing criteria as in justification reasoning: Scripture in context and original language; each father’s polemical setting; date and breadth of witness; explicit beats inferred; unverified texts carry no weight.

Post-750 development by tradition

Catholic

Anselm, Cur Deus Homo (1098; Fordham, verified): “none but God can make this satisfaction … none but man ought to make, it is necessary for the God-man to make it.” Trent VI ch. 7 (verified): Christ “merited Justification for us by His most holy Passion … and made satisfaction for us unto God the Father”.

Orthodox

No confessional definition. Modern Orthodox writers stress victory and recapitulation, and often criticize Anselm (representative texts to verify). They are close to A1 and A2, and sometimes downplay A3 and A4, which Athanasius and Cyril contain.

Lutheran

AC III (bookofconcord.org, verified): Christ suffered “that He might reconcile the Father unto us, and be a sacrifice, not only for original guilt, but also for all actual sins of men.” Close to A3.

Presbyterian

WCF VIII.5 (opc.org, verified): Christ “hath fully satisfied the justice of his Father” for “all those whom the Father hath given unto him”. Strongest on A3 and A4. Limited atonement goes beyond Cyril’s “ransomed the whole world”.

Presbyterian: additional cells (nine-tradition expansion)

• A1 (fathers 3/4; Scripture n/a/4): Affirmed (WCF VIII).
• A2 (fathers 3/4; Scripture n/a/4): Federal Adam–Christ.

Oriental Orthodox

Sources: Oriental Orthodox confessional sources. Classic formulations only.

• A1 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): Central in the Syriac and Coptic liturgies (to verify).
• A2 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): Central (to verify).
• A3 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Present (to verify).
• A4 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 2/4): Not penal (to verify).

Anglican

Sources: Anglican confessional sources. Classic formulations only.

• A1 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Affirmed in the BCP collects.
• A2 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Affirmed.
• A3 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): Art. XXXI: ‘perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction’.
• A4 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): Art. II: ‘a sacrifice, not only for original guilt, but also for all actual sins’.

Reformed Baptist

Sources: Reformed Baptist confessional sources. Classic formulations only.

• A1 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): 1689 8.10.
• A2 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Federal Adam–Christ (1689 ch. 7).
• A3 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): 1689 8.4–5.
• A4 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): 1689 8.5: ‘fully satisfied the justice of God’.

General Baptist

Sources: General Baptist confessional sources. Classic formulations only.

• A1 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Affirmed (to verify article).
• A2 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Adam–Christ (SC 1660 art. 10).
• A3 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): SC 1660 art. 3: ‘gave himself a ransome for all … a propitiation’.
• A4 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): SC 1660 art. 3 propitiation.

Anabaptist

Sources: Anabaptist confessional sources. Classic formulations only.

• A1 (fathers 4/4; Scripture 4/4): Dordrecht IV: ‘bruised the serpent’s head, destroyed the works of the devil’.
• A2 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Dordrecht III–IV: Christ restores the fallen race.
• A3 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Dordrecht IV: ‘yielded up as a sacrifice and offering’.
• A4 (fathers 3/4; Scripture 3/4): Sacrifice, little penal precision (Dordrecht IV).